Gerund adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja ditambah –ing, misalnya swimming, eating, fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing. Bila diperhatikan, gerund mempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan present participle, bedanya gerund berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan present participle sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda.
Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai:
a. subjek (subject)
b. pelengkap subjek (subjective complement)
c. objek langsung (direct object)
d. objek preposisi (object of preposition)
e. aposisi (appositive)
Subject
Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:
- Swimming is good service.
- Your singing is very beautiful.
- Studying needs time and patience.
- Playing tennis is fun.
- Reading English is easier than speaking it.
Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
- My favorite sport is running.
- My favorite activity is reading.
Direct Object
Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
- I enjoy dancing.
- She likes dancing.
- Thank you for your coming.
- I hate arguing.
Object of Preposition
Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in.
Contoh:
- He is tired of gambling.
- I am fond of eating bakso.
- He insisted on seeing her.
- I have no objection to hearing your story.
- You will not be clever without studying.
- They are good at telling funny stories.
- In sleeping I met you in the park.
Appositive
Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
- My hobby, fishing, is interesting.
- I do not like quarrelling, a useless job.
My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat sebagai appositive (fishing adalah aposisi dari my hobby), begitu juga contoh kalimat dibawahnya.
Source : http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/gerunds.html
Jumat, 20 Mei 2011
NOUN CLAUSE
Noun Clause adalah Clause yang digunakan sebagai pengganti noun atau berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Selain Noun Clause ini, sebenarnya masih ada clause lainnya seperti Adverb Clause dan Adjective Clause. Untuk mendalami penjelasan mengenai Noun Clause, silahkan perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:
Menurut jenis kalimat asalnya, Noun Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu:
Statement (pernyataan)
Question (pertanyaan)
Request (permintaan)
Exclamation (seruan).
Penjelasan:
1. Statement
a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"
b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:
1) Subjek Kalimat
Kangaroo lives in Australia (statement)
That Kangaroo lives is Australia is well known to all (Noun Clause)
2) Subjek Kalimat setelah "It"
It is well known to all that Kangaroo lives in Australia
3) Objek Pelengkap
My conclusion is that Kangaroo lives in Australia
4) Objek Kata Kerja
All people understand well that Kangaroo lives in Australia
5) Apositif
My conclusion that Kangaroo lives is Australia is correct.
2. Question
A. Yes/No Question
a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "whether (or not/or if)"
b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:
1) Subjek Kalimat
Can she drive the car? (Question)
Whether she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether or not she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether she can drive the car or not doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether or if she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Pelengkap
My question is whether she can drive the car.
3) Objek Kata Kerja
I really wonder whether she can drive the car (or not).
4) Objek Kata Depan
We discussed about whether she can drive the car.
B. Wh- Question
a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya itu sendiri"
b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:
1) Subjek Kalimat
What is he doing? (Question)
What she is doing doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Pelengkap
My question is what she is doing.
3) Objek Kata Kerja
I really wonder what she is doing.
4) Objek Kata Depan
We discussed about what she is doing.
Catatan:
Posisi kembali normal, tidak seperti posisi sebuah pertanyaan normal.
3. Request
a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"
b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:
1) Objek Kata Kerja
Read the book! (Request)
He suggested that I read the book. (Noun Clause)
Catatan:
Tanda seru hilang.
4. Exclamation
a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya yang dipakai pada kalimat itu sendiri"
b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:
1) Objek Kata Kerja
What a pretty girl she is? (Exclamation)
I never realize what a pretty girl she is. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Kata Depan
We are talking about what a pretty girl she is.
Catatan Tambahan:
Noun Clause dengan "that" digunakan sebagai subjek dari suatu kalimat hanya dengan kata kerja tertentu. Dan kata kerja (verb) yang penting adalah linking verb, khususnya BE.
Noun Clause dengan "that" sering menjadi objek dari verb (kata kerja), beberapa verb berikut ini biasanya mempunyai subjek yang me�nunjukkan manusia. Kata-kata tersebut terutama sekali adalah verb yang digunakan dalam Indirect Speech Berta verb yang menyatakan kegiatan mental.
Kata Kerja Kalimat Tak Langsung
Admit, agree, allege, announce, argue, assert, assure, declare, aver, boast, claim, complain, confess, convince, deny, disagree, explain, foretell, hint, inform, insist, maintain, notify, persuade, pray, predict, proclaim, promise, relate, remark, remind, report, say, state, swear, teach, tell, threaten, warn
Kata Kerja Aktivitas Mental
Ascertain, assume, believe, calculate, care (untuk kalimat negative atau interrogative), conceive, conclude, consider, convince, decide, discover, doubt, dream, expect, fancy, feel, find out, forget, grant, guess, hear, hold (pendapat), hope, imagine, indicate, know, judge, learn, mean, mind (untuk kalimat negative atau interrogative), notice, perceive, presume, pretend, prove, question, realize, recall, reckon, recollect, reflect, regret, rejoice, remember, reveal, see, show, suppose, surmise, think, trust, understand, wish
Contoh:
Alex thinks that Mary is ill.
Bob told me that he had finished breakfast.
Henry says that Jack is very busy.
He insists that there is a mistake.
He complained to his friend that his wife couldn't cook.
Dalam percakapan yang tidak resmi (informal) "that" sering dihilangkan dari objek Clause jika artinya (maksudnya) sudah jelas dapat dimengerti tanpa adanya "that".
Contoh:
I am sorry (that) I couldn't meet you at the station.
He says (that) they plan to come to the dance.
We thought (that) you had already left for abroad.
The reason we returned so early is, (that) one of the children got sick.
Noun Clause dari question (pertanyaan) yang terletak sesudah verb yang memerlukan 2 objek mungkin berfungsi sebagai salah satu atau kedua objek dari verb tersebut.
Contoh:
Give the man (Indirect Object) what is in this envelope (Direct Object)
Give what is in the envelope to the man.
Noun Clause dari pertanyaan mungkin diawali dengan kata-kata tanya yang berfungsi sebagai: Pronouns, Adjectives, atau Adverbs. Kata-kata yang dipakai adalah: Pronoun = who (ever), what (ever(, which. (ever), Adjective = whose, what (ever), which (ever), Adverb = how (ever), when (ever), where (ever), why.
Contoh:
We don't know who will be coming from the employment agency. (who adalah subjek dari will be coming)
We don't know whom the employment agency will send. (whom adalah objek dari will send)
We will ask whoever comes from the employment agency. (whoever adalah subjek dari comes)
We will ask whomever the employment agency sends. (whomever adalah objek dari sends)
Dalam Noun Clause dari pertanyaan, subjek dan verb mempunyai susunan yang umum, yakni terletak sesudah introductory word.
Noun Clause dari permintaan dimulai dengan that- Clause ini paling sering merupakan objek dari verb yang menyatakan permintaan, saran, atau keinginan dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
He is requesting that a company car be placed at his disposal.
The doctor recommended that he take a vacation.
It was suggested that she leave immediately.
It was proposed that the meeting be adjourned.
Kadang-kadang "that" yang merupakan kata permulaan Clause dapat digantikan dengan susunan infinitive setelah kata-kata kerja yang menunjukkan permintaan seperti advise, ask, beg, command, desire, forbid, order, request, require, argue.
Subjek dari that-Clause sering dalam bentuk passive dari verbs of requesting dengan susunan anticipatory it.
Source : http://ismailmidi.com/berita-170-noun-clause.html
Menurut jenis kalimat asalnya, Noun Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu:
Statement (pernyataan)
Question (pertanyaan)
Request (permintaan)
Exclamation (seruan).
Penjelasan:
1. Statement
a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"
b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:
1) Subjek Kalimat
Kangaroo lives in Australia (statement)
That Kangaroo lives is Australia is well known to all (Noun Clause)
2) Subjek Kalimat setelah "It"
It is well known to all that Kangaroo lives in Australia
3) Objek Pelengkap
My conclusion is that Kangaroo lives in Australia
4) Objek Kata Kerja
All people understand well that Kangaroo lives in Australia
5) Apositif
My conclusion that Kangaroo lives is Australia is correct.
2. Question
A. Yes/No Question
a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "whether (or not/or if)"
b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:
1) Subjek Kalimat
Can she drive the car? (Question)
Whether she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether or not she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether she can drive the car or not doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether or if she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Pelengkap
My question is whether she can drive the car.
3) Objek Kata Kerja
I really wonder whether she can drive the car (or not).
4) Objek Kata Depan
We discussed about whether she can drive the car.
B. Wh- Question
a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya itu sendiri"
b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:
1) Subjek Kalimat
What is he doing? (Question)
What she is doing doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Pelengkap
My question is what she is doing.
3) Objek Kata Kerja
I really wonder what she is doing.
4) Objek Kata Depan
We discussed about what she is doing.
Catatan:
Posisi kembali normal, tidak seperti posisi sebuah pertanyaan normal.
3. Request
a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"
b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:
1) Objek Kata Kerja
Read the book! (Request)
He suggested that I read the book. (Noun Clause)
Catatan:
Tanda seru hilang.
4. Exclamation
a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya yang dipakai pada kalimat itu sendiri"
b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:
1) Objek Kata Kerja
What a pretty girl she is? (Exclamation)
I never realize what a pretty girl she is. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Kata Depan
We are talking about what a pretty girl she is.
Catatan Tambahan:
Noun Clause dengan "that" digunakan sebagai subjek dari suatu kalimat hanya dengan kata kerja tertentu. Dan kata kerja (verb) yang penting adalah linking verb, khususnya BE.
Noun Clause dengan "that" sering menjadi objek dari verb (kata kerja), beberapa verb berikut ini biasanya mempunyai subjek yang me�nunjukkan manusia. Kata-kata tersebut terutama sekali adalah verb yang digunakan dalam Indirect Speech Berta verb yang menyatakan kegiatan mental.
Kata Kerja Kalimat Tak Langsung
Admit, agree, allege, announce, argue, assert, assure, declare, aver, boast, claim, complain, confess, convince, deny, disagree, explain, foretell, hint, inform, insist, maintain, notify, persuade, pray, predict, proclaim, promise, relate, remark, remind, report, say, state, swear, teach, tell, threaten, warn
Kata Kerja Aktivitas Mental
Ascertain, assume, believe, calculate, care (untuk kalimat negative atau interrogative), conceive, conclude, consider, convince, decide, discover, doubt, dream, expect, fancy, feel, find out, forget, grant, guess, hear, hold (pendapat), hope, imagine, indicate, know, judge, learn, mean, mind (untuk kalimat negative atau interrogative), notice, perceive, presume, pretend, prove, question, realize, recall, reckon, recollect, reflect, regret, rejoice, remember, reveal, see, show, suppose, surmise, think, trust, understand, wish
Contoh:
Alex thinks that Mary is ill.
Bob told me that he had finished breakfast.
Henry says that Jack is very busy.
He insists that there is a mistake.
He complained to his friend that his wife couldn't cook.
Dalam percakapan yang tidak resmi (informal) "that" sering dihilangkan dari objek Clause jika artinya (maksudnya) sudah jelas dapat dimengerti tanpa adanya "that".
Contoh:
I am sorry (that) I couldn't meet you at the station.
He says (that) they plan to come to the dance.
We thought (that) you had already left for abroad.
The reason we returned so early is, (that) one of the children got sick.
Noun Clause dari question (pertanyaan) yang terletak sesudah verb yang memerlukan 2 objek mungkin berfungsi sebagai salah satu atau kedua objek dari verb tersebut.
Contoh:
Give the man (Indirect Object) what is in this envelope (Direct Object)
Give what is in the envelope to the man.
Noun Clause dari pertanyaan mungkin diawali dengan kata-kata tanya yang berfungsi sebagai: Pronouns, Adjectives, atau Adverbs. Kata-kata yang dipakai adalah: Pronoun = who (ever), what (ever(, which. (ever), Adjective = whose, what (ever), which (ever), Adverb = how (ever), when (ever), where (ever), why.
Contoh:
We don't know who will be coming from the employment agency. (who adalah subjek dari will be coming)
We don't know whom the employment agency will send. (whom adalah objek dari will send)
We will ask whoever comes from the employment agency. (whoever adalah subjek dari comes)
We will ask whomever the employment agency sends. (whomever adalah objek dari sends)
Dalam Noun Clause dari pertanyaan, subjek dan verb mempunyai susunan yang umum, yakni terletak sesudah introductory word.
Noun Clause dari permintaan dimulai dengan that- Clause ini paling sering merupakan objek dari verb yang menyatakan permintaan, saran, atau keinginan dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
He is requesting that a company car be placed at his disposal.
The doctor recommended that he take a vacation.
It was suggested that she leave immediately.
It was proposed that the meeting be adjourned.
Kadang-kadang "that" yang merupakan kata permulaan Clause dapat digantikan dengan susunan infinitive setelah kata-kata kerja yang menunjukkan permintaan seperti advise, ask, beg, command, desire, forbid, order, request, require, argue.
Subjek dari that-Clause sering dalam bentuk passive dari verbs of requesting dengan susunan anticipatory it.
Source : http://ismailmidi.com/berita-170-noun-clause.html
PASSIVE VOICE
Ada dua bentuk “voice” dalam bahasa Inggris, active voice dan passive voice. Active voice menunjukkan apa yang dilakukan oleh subjek, contoh:
The secretary wrote a letter (Sekretaris menulis sebuah surat)
Passive voice menunjukkan apa yang dilakukan terhadap subjek. Contoh:
The letter was written by the secretary (Surat ditulis oleh sekreatir)
Bentuk
Kalimat pasif dibuat dengan kata kerja “to be” dan kata kerja bentuk ke-3. Berikut beberapa tenses bahasa Inggris utama yang digunakan dalam passive voice.
Tenses
Simple present:
Present continuous:
Simple past:
Past continuous:
Present perfect:
Past perfect:
Future:
Future continuous:
Present conditional:
Past conditional:
Subject
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Verb “to be”
are
are being
were
were being
have been
had been
will be
will be being
would be
would have been
Verb III
planted every year
planted now.
planted last year
planted last summer.
planted here for 10 years.
planted until last year.
planted next year.
planted during the summer.
planted if we had seeds.
planted if we had had seeds.
By
Untuk menyatakan apa penyebab sebuah tindakan pasif, kita bisa menggunakan by. Contoh:
This photo was taken by my friend.
I was given this by my brother.
Seringkali tidak diperlukan untuk menyatakan penyebab tindakan pasif, khususnya jika dipahami dengan jelas atau tidak relevan. Sebagai contoh:
The meeting was cancelled (pertemuan itu dibatalkan). (Informasi penting yang ingin disampaikan adalah pembatalan pertemuan, bukan siapa yang membatalkannya.)
These boots were made in Italy (sepatu-sepatu boot ini dibuat di Italia). (Informasi yang penting dalam kalimat ini adalah bahwa sepatu-sepatu tersebut dibuat di Italia, bukan siapa yang membuatnya).
Born
Ketika berbicara tentang kelahiran orang tertentu atau suatu peristiwa, kita menggunakan bentuk pasif “to be born”. Contoh:
I was born in Iran.
The twins were born just last year.
Get
Get bisa digunakan menggantikan to be pada situasi dimana sesuatu terjadi. Contoh:
- Our flight got cancelled = Our flight was cancelled.
- I got paid today = I was paid today.
Get tidak bisa digunakan pada situasi-situasi umum dan apabila bersama dengan kata kerja yang menyatakan keadaan (bukan tindakan). Contoh:
- He is liked by a lot of people. - Benar
- He gets liked by a lot of people. - Tidak benar
- She is known to be a hard-working employee. - Benar
- She gets known to be a hard-working employee.- Tidak benar
Get digunakan lebih sering dalam bahasa Inggris informal.
Source :
http://englishonline.blogdetik.com/2009/08/18/passive-voice/
The secretary wrote a letter (Sekretaris menulis sebuah surat)
Passive voice menunjukkan apa yang dilakukan terhadap subjek. Contoh:
The letter was written by the secretary (Surat ditulis oleh sekreatir)
Bentuk
Kalimat pasif dibuat dengan kata kerja “to be” dan kata kerja bentuk ke-3. Berikut beberapa tenses bahasa Inggris utama yang digunakan dalam passive voice.
Tenses
Simple present:
Present continuous:
Simple past:
Past continuous:
Present perfect:
Past perfect:
Future:
Future continuous:
Present conditional:
Past conditional:
Subject
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Verb “to be”
are
are being
were
were being
have been
had been
will be
will be being
would be
would have been
Verb III
planted every year
planted now.
planted last year
planted last summer.
planted here for 10 years.
planted until last year.
planted next year.
planted during the summer.
planted if we had seeds.
planted if we had had seeds.
By
Untuk menyatakan apa penyebab sebuah tindakan pasif, kita bisa menggunakan by. Contoh:
This photo was taken by my friend.
I was given this by my brother.
Seringkali tidak diperlukan untuk menyatakan penyebab tindakan pasif, khususnya jika dipahami dengan jelas atau tidak relevan. Sebagai contoh:
The meeting was cancelled (pertemuan itu dibatalkan). (Informasi penting yang ingin disampaikan adalah pembatalan pertemuan, bukan siapa yang membatalkannya.)
These boots were made in Italy (sepatu-sepatu boot ini dibuat di Italia). (Informasi yang penting dalam kalimat ini adalah bahwa sepatu-sepatu tersebut dibuat di Italia, bukan siapa yang membuatnya).
Born
Ketika berbicara tentang kelahiran orang tertentu atau suatu peristiwa, kita menggunakan bentuk pasif “to be born”. Contoh:
I was born in Iran.
The twins were born just last year.
Get
Get bisa digunakan menggantikan to be pada situasi dimana sesuatu terjadi. Contoh:
- Our flight got cancelled = Our flight was cancelled.
- I got paid today = I was paid today.
Get tidak bisa digunakan pada situasi-situasi umum dan apabila bersama dengan kata kerja yang menyatakan keadaan (bukan tindakan). Contoh:
- He is liked by a lot of people. - Benar
- He gets liked by a lot of people. - Tidak benar
- She is known to be a hard-working employee. - Benar
- She gets known to be a hard-working employee.- Tidak benar
Get digunakan lebih sering dalam bahasa Inggris informal.
Source :
http://englishonline.blogdetik.com/2009/08/18/passive-voice/
Comparisson Degree
Sebagaian besar kata sifat diskriptif (descriptive adjectives) dan kata sifat kuantitatif (quantitative adjective) memiliki tingkat-tingkat perbandingan yang menerangkan kata benda.
Dalam bahasa Inggris tingkat-tingkat perbandingan pada kata sifat disebut the degrees of comparison (tingkat perbandingan), yang dibagi menjadi 3 (tiga) golongan:
1. Positive Degree (Tingkat Biasa)
2. Comparative Degree (Tingkat Lebih)
3. Superlative Degree (Tingkat Paling)
Bentuk perbandingan dibuat dari bentuk positive yang ditambah dengan akhiran –er atau –r dan awalan more. Sedangkan bentuk superlative dibentuk dari bentuk positive yang ditambah dengan akhiran –est atau –st dan awalan most.
Cara membentuk tingkat perbandingan kata sifat adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Kata sifat (adjective) yang terdiri atas satu suku kata, hanya ditambah dengan akhiran –er dan –est.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Fast Faster Fastest
Loud Louder Loudest
Old Older Oldest
Cheap Cheaper Cheapest
Great Greater Greatest
tall Taller Tallest
High High High
Near Nearer Nearest
Light Lighter Lightest
2. Kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu suku kata dan berakhiran dengan satu huruf mati (konsonan) yang diawali dengan huruf (vokal), ditambah dengan akhiran –er dan –est. satu huruf mati terakhir digandakan.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Hot Hotter Hottest
Fat Fatter Fattest
Thin Thinner Thinnest
Big Bigger Biggest
Wet Wetter Wettest
Cruel Crueller Creuller
3. Kata sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf –y dan diawali satu atau dua huruf mati, maka –y diganti dengan –i dan kemudian ditambahkan –er atau –est.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Easy Easier Easiest
Friendly Friendlier Friendliest
Angry Angrier Angriest
Guilty Guiltier Guiltiest
Hungry Hungrier Hungriest
Rusty Rustier Rustiest
Lazy Lazier Laziest
Busy Busier Busiest
Crazy Crazier Craziest
4. Kata sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf –y dan diawali dengan huruf hidup (vokal), maka huruf –y tidak mengalami perubahan dan langsung ditambah –er atau –est.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Grey Greyer Greyest
Lay Layer Layest
5. Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata dan berakhiran dengan –er atau –ow langsung ditambah –er atau –est.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Clever Cleverer Cleverest
Shallow Shallower Shallowest
Slow Slower Slowest
6. Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata yang berakhiran dengan huruf –e, maka hanya ditambah dengan –r atau –st saja.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Wide Wider Widest
Complete Completer Completest
Wise Wiser Wisest
7. Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata, akan tetapi tekanan pengucapannya jatuh pada suku kata pertama, tidak ditambah –er dan –est tetapi ditambah dengan more dan most.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Famous More famous Most famous
Nervous More nervous Most nervous
Charming More charming Most charming
8. Kata sifat yang terdiri atas tiga suku kata atau lebih, ditambah dengan more dan most.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Terrible More terrible Most terrible
Useful More useful Most useful
Useless More Useless Most Useless
Readable More readable Most readable
Difficult More difficult Most difficult
Dilligent More dilligent Most dilligent
different More different Most different
Ada beberapa kata sifat yang bentuk comparative maupun superlative-nya tidak mengikuti aturan seperti yang telah ditetapkan diatas.
Positive Comparative Superlative
A few Less Least
Few Fewer Fewest
Hind Hinder Hindmost
Old Older Oldest
Elder Eldest
Far Farther Farthest
Further Furthest
Bad Worse Worst
ill Worse Worst
Evil Worse Worst
Good Better Best
Many More Much
Much More Much
A little Less Least
Late Later Last
Later Latest
Didalam penggunaannya the degrees of comparison dalam kalimat bahasa inggrsi harus memperhatikan beberapa hal berikut ini, yaitu:
1. Tingkat Biasa (Positive Degree)
Pada umumnya bentuk ini digunakan untuk:
a. Menyatakan suatu keadaan yang apa adanya.
Contoh:
• She is an attractive girl (Dia adalah seorang gadis yang menarik)
b. Membandingkan dua benda atau orang yang sama, baik sifat, bentuk atau bagian lainnya. Rumus yang digunakan adalah sebagai berikut:
as + Positive + as
Contoh:
• Your house as big as my house
Atau dapat digunakan rumus sebagai berikut sebagai pengganti rumus di atas:
No less + Positive + Than
Contoh:
• your house no less big than my house
c. Menyatakan dua benda atau orang yang tidak memiliki kesamaan. Rumus penggunaannya adalah:
Not + so + Positive + as
Contoh:
• His car not so new as yours
Atau dapat digunakan rumus dibawah ini sebagai pengganti rumus di atas:
Less + Positive + than
Contoh:
• His car less new than yours
2. Tingkat Lebih (Comparative Degree)
Pada umumnya bentuk tingkat lebih ini digunakan untuk membandingkan dua benda atau orang yang berbeda. Atau dengan kata lain digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa susuatu benda atau orang itu mempunyai sifat lebih dibandingkan yang lain. Rumus penggunaannya adalah:
Comparative + Than
Contoh:
• My car is faster than his car
3. Tingkat Paling (Superlative Degree)
Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa sesuatu itu mempunyai sifat paling ...... dibandingkan yang lainnya. Pada umumnya digunakan untuk membandingkan tiga benda atau lebih. Rumus penggunaannya adalah:
The + Superlative + Nouns + In
The + Superlative + Of
Contoh:
• This is the fastest car in the rally.
• Elvis Presley is the greatest musician in the world
Atau dapat digunakan rumus sebagai pengganti kedua rumus diatas:
The + Superlative (with most) + Noun
Contoh:
• She is the most beautiful woman in this country
Source : http://englishcreation.blogspot.com/2009/07/degrees-of-comparison.html
Dalam bahasa Inggris tingkat-tingkat perbandingan pada kata sifat disebut the degrees of comparison (tingkat perbandingan), yang dibagi menjadi 3 (tiga) golongan:
1. Positive Degree (Tingkat Biasa)
2. Comparative Degree (Tingkat Lebih)
3. Superlative Degree (Tingkat Paling)
Bentuk perbandingan dibuat dari bentuk positive yang ditambah dengan akhiran –er atau –r dan awalan more. Sedangkan bentuk superlative dibentuk dari bentuk positive yang ditambah dengan akhiran –est atau –st dan awalan most.
Cara membentuk tingkat perbandingan kata sifat adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Kata sifat (adjective) yang terdiri atas satu suku kata, hanya ditambah dengan akhiran –er dan –est.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Fast Faster Fastest
Loud Louder Loudest
Old Older Oldest
Cheap Cheaper Cheapest
Great Greater Greatest
tall Taller Tallest
High High High
Near Nearer Nearest
Light Lighter Lightest
2. Kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu suku kata dan berakhiran dengan satu huruf mati (konsonan) yang diawali dengan huruf (vokal), ditambah dengan akhiran –er dan –est. satu huruf mati terakhir digandakan.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Hot Hotter Hottest
Fat Fatter Fattest
Thin Thinner Thinnest
Big Bigger Biggest
Wet Wetter Wettest
Cruel Crueller Creuller
3. Kata sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf –y dan diawali satu atau dua huruf mati, maka –y diganti dengan –i dan kemudian ditambahkan –er atau –est.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Easy Easier Easiest
Friendly Friendlier Friendliest
Angry Angrier Angriest
Guilty Guiltier Guiltiest
Hungry Hungrier Hungriest
Rusty Rustier Rustiest
Lazy Lazier Laziest
Busy Busier Busiest
Crazy Crazier Craziest
4. Kata sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf –y dan diawali dengan huruf hidup (vokal), maka huruf –y tidak mengalami perubahan dan langsung ditambah –er atau –est.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Grey Greyer Greyest
Lay Layer Layest
5. Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata dan berakhiran dengan –er atau –ow langsung ditambah –er atau –est.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Clever Cleverer Cleverest
Shallow Shallower Shallowest
Slow Slower Slowest
6. Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata yang berakhiran dengan huruf –e, maka hanya ditambah dengan –r atau –st saja.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Wide Wider Widest
Complete Completer Completest
Wise Wiser Wisest
7. Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata, akan tetapi tekanan pengucapannya jatuh pada suku kata pertama, tidak ditambah –er dan –est tetapi ditambah dengan more dan most.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Famous More famous Most famous
Nervous More nervous Most nervous
Charming More charming Most charming
8. Kata sifat yang terdiri atas tiga suku kata atau lebih, ditambah dengan more dan most.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Terrible More terrible Most terrible
Useful More useful Most useful
Useless More Useless Most Useless
Readable More readable Most readable
Difficult More difficult Most difficult
Dilligent More dilligent Most dilligent
different More different Most different
Ada beberapa kata sifat yang bentuk comparative maupun superlative-nya tidak mengikuti aturan seperti yang telah ditetapkan diatas.
Positive Comparative Superlative
A few Less Least
Few Fewer Fewest
Hind Hinder Hindmost
Old Older Oldest
Elder Eldest
Far Farther Farthest
Further Furthest
Bad Worse Worst
ill Worse Worst
Evil Worse Worst
Good Better Best
Many More Much
Much More Much
A little Less Least
Late Later Last
Later Latest
Didalam penggunaannya the degrees of comparison dalam kalimat bahasa inggrsi harus memperhatikan beberapa hal berikut ini, yaitu:
1. Tingkat Biasa (Positive Degree)
Pada umumnya bentuk ini digunakan untuk:
a. Menyatakan suatu keadaan yang apa adanya.
Contoh:
• She is an attractive girl (Dia adalah seorang gadis yang menarik)
b. Membandingkan dua benda atau orang yang sama, baik sifat, bentuk atau bagian lainnya. Rumus yang digunakan adalah sebagai berikut:
as + Positive + as
Contoh:
• Your house as big as my house
Atau dapat digunakan rumus sebagai berikut sebagai pengganti rumus di atas:
No less + Positive + Than
Contoh:
• your house no less big than my house
c. Menyatakan dua benda atau orang yang tidak memiliki kesamaan. Rumus penggunaannya adalah:
Not + so + Positive + as
Contoh:
• His car not so new as yours
Atau dapat digunakan rumus dibawah ini sebagai pengganti rumus di atas:
Less + Positive + than
Contoh:
• His car less new than yours
2. Tingkat Lebih (Comparative Degree)
Pada umumnya bentuk tingkat lebih ini digunakan untuk membandingkan dua benda atau orang yang berbeda. Atau dengan kata lain digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa susuatu benda atau orang itu mempunyai sifat lebih dibandingkan yang lain. Rumus penggunaannya adalah:
Comparative + Than
Contoh:
• My car is faster than his car
3. Tingkat Paling (Superlative Degree)
Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa sesuatu itu mempunyai sifat paling ...... dibandingkan yang lainnya. Pada umumnya digunakan untuk membandingkan tiga benda atau lebih. Rumus penggunaannya adalah:
The + Superlative + Nouns + In
The + Superlative + Of
Contoh:
• This is the fastest car in the rally.
• Elvis Presley is the greatest musician in the world
Atau dapat digunakan rumus sebagai pengganti kedua rumus diatas:
The + Superlative (with most) + Noun
Contoh:
• She is the most beautiful woman in this country
Source : http://englishcreation.blogspot.com/2009/07/degrees-of-comparison.html
Selasa, 03 Mei 2011
Adjective Clause
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Adjective Clause also called a relative clause is Clause (clause) used / function as an adjective a noun or pronoun to explain the situation. For more details, explanation of the Adjective Clause, see explanation below:
Example:
* I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.
Main Clause: I have read the book.
Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.
Noun clause describes the book, called Adjective Clause
* The lesson (that) she is learning is very Difficult.
Main Clause: The lesson is very Difficult. Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.
Based on the antecedent which is appointed by the Introductory words (the words of his predecessor), Adjective Clause can be classified into 2 types, namely:
1. Relative pronoun
* Those Pronouns
Liaison word used is: Who, Whom, Whose, That
Function:
a. Subject:
- He paid the money to The Man Who / That Had done the work
b. Object Working Words:
- He paid the man whom / That Had he hired.
c. Object Search Home:
- He paid the man from whom he borrowed the money Had.
d. Replace the word belongs:
- This is the girl whose picture you saw.
* Objects, Animals
Liaison word used is: Which, that
Function:
a. Subject:
- Here is a book of the which / That describes animals.
b. Object Working Words:
- The chair of the which / That he broke is being repaired.
c. Object Search Home:
- She was wearing the coat for the which Had she paid $ 2.00.
2. Relative adverbs
* Time
Liaison word used: Pls
- This is the year Pls the Olympic Games are held.
* Place
Liaison word used: Nowhere
- Here is the house WHERE I live.
* Reason
Liaison word used: Pls
- Give me one good reason why you did that.
_________________________
1. Relative pronoun
Namely Adjective Clause by using the word liaison Relative pronoun.
* The boy is Called Bob. He Gave me a present. o The boy WHO Gave me a present is Called Bob. or o The Boy Who is Called Bob Gave me a present.
Some other examples of Adjective Clause:
* The boy whose radio was Stolen is a student. * The girl whom I Gave a special reward is a bright student. * The bike I borrowed the which was sold last week.
2. Relative adverb
The lesson of this is discussed more fully in the Relative Clause. The things that need to be added here, namely:
* The word Revelation (which shows the reason) who becomes an adverb liaison, may (sometimes) can be replaced with or That can sometimes be omitted in the sentence.
- The reason (that) I Came Should Be obvious to you. - The reason (why) I Came Should Be obvious to you. - The reason I Came Should Be obvious to you.
* When or Where can Bering Baling Preposition exchanged with a show where (a preposition of Place) plus Which.
- The small town in the which (= Nowhere) I was born has Grown to a large metropolis. - The day on the which (= Pls) They were the resource persons to leave finally arrived.
That can sometimes replace the WHERE or Pls.
* The Day That (or Pls, on the which) the trial was to take place was a Stormy one. * Please suggest a good place That (or Nowhere) We can meet
Some Important Things Related Adjective Clause
* Change from the Adjective Clause Adjective Phrase.
o Adjective Clause Adjective Phrase can be converted into a noun without any change to explain the meaning of the sentence. o Only Adjective Clause which have a subject pronoun: who, the which or That which can be converted into Adjective Phrase. o Adjective Clause with the subject: whom can not be converted into Adjective Phrase.
Consider the following example:
a. Adjective Clause
* The Girl Who is sitting next to me is Lisa. ==> The boy is playing the piano is Bent.
b. Adjective Phrase
* The girl sitting next to me is Lisa. ==> The boy playing the piano is Bent.
* How to change the Adjective Clause Adjective Phrase.
(1) Subject pronoun and the verb be eliminated.
* Adjective Clause: The Man Who is talking to Taylor is from Japan. * Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.
* Adjective Clause: The ideas the which are presented in That book are interesting. * Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in That book are interesting.
* Adjective Clause: Ali is the man Who is Responsible for Preparing the budget. * Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man Responsible for Preparing the budget.
* Adjective Clause: The Books That are on the shelf are mine. * Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.
(2) If there is no verb be in Adjective Clause, it is often the subject pronoun can be removed and change the verb in Clause-ing it into shape.
* Adjective Clause: That Home has an alphabet consists of 26 letters. * Adjective Phrase: Home has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
* Adjective Clause: Anyone WHO wants to come with us is welcome. * Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.
Adjective Clause * Often used in the pattern: noun + of which. This pattern is mainly used for writing English the official (formal written Home). In this pattern usually Adjective Clause explain "something."
* We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay. o We have an antique table, the top of the which has jade inlay. o We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay. o We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of the which consisted of logs cemented with lay.
* Adjective Clause is often used to express the quantity with of. Pronoun precedes the expression of quantity, and just whom, the which, and whose use in this pattern.
The expression quantity with "of" among other things: Some of, none of, both of, one of, many of, two of, all of, EACH of, most of, etc..
* There are 20 students in my class. Most of Them are from the Outside Java. -> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java.
* He Gave Reasons installments. Only A Few of Them were the resource is valid. -> He Gave Reasons installments, only A Few of the which were the resource is valid.
* Punctuation of Adjective Clauses
General guidelines on the Punctuation of Adjective Clauses:
o Do not use commas when Adjective Clause needed to identify the noun that is described by him. o Use a comma if Adjective Clause serves only to provide additional information and is not intended to identify the noun that is described by him. + Henry whose wife works at a bank Came to my house yesterday. + Alex, whose wife works at a bank, Came to my house yesterday.
Description:
The first example illustrates that Henry has more than 1 wife. In this sentence the speaker wants to identify his wife who worked at the Bank, not the other.
While in the second sentence, we are clear, if Alex had only 1 man and wife. Phrases that are in between commas only provide additional information only. Without that phrase any other person already knows that his wife Alex was working in a bank because it was her only one.
Consider the following example for more details on the use of commas in the Adjective Clause.
o Sukarno, Who is the first president of Republic of Indonesia, Could deliver speech well.
Differences between Adjective Clause and Noun Clause
Because of the similarities in a few words his predecessor, so sometimes between Noun Clause Adjective Clause and often confusing.
There are 2 kinds of important differences between these two types of Clause: consider the following example:
* Adjective Clause is usually preceded by a noun or pronoun that is explained.
Adjective Clause
o I know the house he lives Nowhere. (Nowhere has the antecedent he lives the house, which is the object of the word know)
Noun Clause
o WHERE I know he lives. (Nowhere he lives is the object of the word know)
Introductory word preceding the preposition belongs Adjective Noun Clause and Clause does not belong.
Adjective Clause
* The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.
(Adjective Clause starts with to which is the form of a prepositional phrase with whom Adjective Clause in it. And To to be placed in the back of the Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his).
Noun Clause
* He Gives money to whoever needs it.
(The Noun Clause begins with whoever, all the Noun Clause it is an object of to, which can not be moved is located. And also, ever-is the only form of holding (to follow) with a Noun Clause.
Adjective Clause also called a relative clause is Clause (clause) used / function as an adjective a noun or pronoun to explain the situation. For more details, explanation of the Adjective Clause, see explanation below:
Example:
* I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.
Main Clause: I have read the book.
Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.
Noun clause describes the book, called Adjective Clause
* The lesson (that) she is learning is very Difficult.
Main Clause: The lesson is very Difficult. Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.
Based on the antecedent which is appointed by the Introductory words (the words of his predecessor), Adjective Clause can be classified into 2 types, namely:
1. Relative pronoun
* Those Pronouns
Liaison word used is: Who, Whom, Whose, That
Function:
a. Subject:
- He paid the money to The Man Who / That Had done the work
b. Object Working Words:
- He paid the man whom / That Had he hired.
c. Object Search Home:
- He paid the man from whom he borrowed the money Had.
d. Replace the word belongs:
- This is the girl whose picture you saw.
* Objects, Animals
Liaison word used is: Which, that
Function:
a. Subject:
- Here is a book of the which / That describes animals.
b. Object Working Words:
- The chair of the which / That he broke is being repaired.
c. Object Search Home:
- She was wearing the coat for the which Had she paid $ 2.00.
2. Relative adverbs
* Time
Liaison word used: Pls
- This is the year Pls the Olympic Games are held.
* Place
Liaison word used: Nowhere
- Here is the house WHERE I live.
* Reason
Liaison word used: Pls
- Give me one good reason why you did that.
_________________________
1. Relative pronoun
Namely Adjective Clause by using the word liaison Relative pronoun.
* The boy is Called Bob. He Gave me a present. o The boy WHO Gave me a present is Called Bob. or o The Boy Who is Called Bob Gave me a present.
Some other examples of Adjective Clause:
* The boy whose radio was Stolen is a student. * The girl whom I Gave a special reward is a bright student. * The bike I borrowed the which was sold last week.
2. Relative adverb
The lesson of this is discussed more fully in the Relative Clause. The things that need to be added here, namely:
* The word Revelation (which shows the reason) who becomes an adverb liaison, may (sometimes) can be replaced with or That can sometimes be omitted in the sentence.
- The reason (that) I Came Should Be obvious to you. - The reason (why) I Came Should Be obvious to you. - The reason I Came Should Be obvious to you.
* When or Where can Bering Baling Preposition exchanged with a show where (a preposition of Place) plus Which.
- The small town in the which (= Nowhere) I was born has Grown to a large metropolis. - The day on the which (= Pls) They were the resource persons to leave finally arrived.
That can sometimes replace the WHERE or Pls.
* The Day That (or Pls, on the which) the trial was to take place was a Stormy one. * Please suggest a good place That (or Nowhere) We can meet
Some Important Things Related Adjective Clause
* Change from the Adjective Clause Adjective Phrase.
o Adjective Clause Adjective Phrase can be converted into a noun without any change to explain the meaning of the sentence. o Only Adjective Clause which have a subject pronoun: who, the which or That which can be converted into Adjective Phrase. o Adjective Clause with the subject: whom can not be converted into Adjective Phrase.
Consider the following example:
a. Adjective Clause
* The Girl Who is sitting next to me is Lisa. ==> The boy is playing the piano is Bent.
b. Adjective Phrase
* The girl sitting next to me is Lisa. ==> The boy playing the piano is Bent.
* How to change the Adjective Clause Adjective Phrase.
(1) Subject pronoun and the verb be eliminated.
* Adjective Clause: The Man Who is talking to Taylor is from Japan. * Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.
* Adjective Clause: The ideas the which are presented in That book are interesting. * Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in That book are interesting.
* Adjective Clause: Ali is the man Who is Responsible for Preparing the budget. * Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man Responsible for Preparing the budget.
* Adjective Clause: The Books That are on the shelf are mine. * Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.
(2) If there is no verb be in Adjective Clause, it is often the subject pronoun can be removed and change the verb in Clause-ing it into shape.
* Adjective Clause: That Home has an alphabet consists of 26 letters. * Adjective Phrase: Home has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
* Adjective Clause: Anyone WHO wants to come with us is welcome. * Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.
Adjective Clause * Often used in the pattern: noun + of which. This pattern is mainly used for writing English the official (formal written Home). In this pattern usually Adjective Clause explain "something."
* We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay. o We have an antique table, the top of the which has jade inlay. o We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay. o We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of the which consisted of logs cemented with lay.
* Adjective Clause is often used to express the quantity with of. Pronoun precedes the expression of quantity, and just whom, the which, and whose use in this pattern.
The expression quantity with "of" among other things: Some of, none of, both of, one of, many of, two of, all of, EACH of, most of, etc..
* There are 20 students in my class. Most of Them are from the Outside Java. -> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java.
* He Gave Reasons installments. Only A Few of Them were the resource is valid. -> He Gave Reasons installments, only A Few of the which were the resource is valid.
* Punctuation of Adjective Clauses
General guidelines on the Punctuation of Adjective Clauses:
o Do not use commas when Adjective Clause needed to identify the noun that is described by him. o Use a comma if Adjective Clause serves only to provide additional information and is not intended to identify the noun that is described by him. + Henry whose wife works at a bank Came to my house yesterday. + Alex, whose wife works at a bank, Came to my house yesterday.
Description:
The first example illustrates that Henry has more than 1 wife. In this sentence the speaker wants to identify his wife who worked at the Bank, not the other.
While in the second sentence, we are clear, if Alex had only 1 man and wife. Phrases that are in between commas only provide additional information only. Without that phrase any other person already knows that his wife Alex was working in a bank because it was her only one.
Consider the following example for more details on the use of commas in the Adjective Clause.
o Sukarno, Who is the first president of Republic of Indonesia, Could deliver speech well.
Differences between Adjective Clause and Noun Clause
Because of the similarities in a few words his predecessor, so sometimes between Noun Clause Adjective Clause and often confusing.
There are 2 kinds of important differences between these two types of Clause: consider the following example:
* Adjective Clause is usually preceded by a noun or pronoun that is explained.
Adjective Clause
o I know the house he lives Nowhere. (Nowhere has the antecedent he lives the house, which is the object of the word know)
Noun Clause
o WHERE I know he lives. (Nowhere he lives is the object of the word know)
Introductory word preceding the preposition belongs Adjective Noun Clause and Clause does not belong.
Adjective Clause
* The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.
(Adjective Clause starts with to which is the form of a prepositional phrase with whom Adjective Clause in it. And To to be placed in the back of the Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his).
Noun Clause
* He Gives money to whoever needs it.
(The Noun Clause begins with whoever, all the Noun Clause it is an object of to, which can not be moved is located. And also, ever-is the only form of holding (to follow) with a Noun Clause.
Conditional Sentences (if-clause)
Conditional Sentences (if-clause)
Conditional Sentence Type 1
→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
more on Conditional Sentences Type I ►
Conditional Sentence Type 2
→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
more on Conditional Sentences Type II ►
Conditional Sentence Type 3
→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
Conditional Sentences Type I (likely)
| Condition refers to: | IF Clause | Main Clause | ||
| future action | Simple Present | If the book is interesting, … | Future I | …I will buy it. |
| Imperative | …buy it. | |||
| Modal Auxiliary | …you can buy it. | |||
| action going on now | Present Progressive | If he is snoring, … | Future I | …I will wake him up. |
| Imperative | …wake him up. | |||
| Modal Auxiliary | …you can wake him up. | |||
| finished action | Present Perfect | If he has moved into his new flat, … | Future I | …we will visit him. |
| Imperative | …visit him. | |||
| Modal Auxiliary | …we can visit him. | |||
| improbable action | should + Infinitive | If she should win this race, … | Future I | …I will congratulate her. |
| Imperative | …congratulate her. | |||
| Modal Auxiliary | …we can congratulate her. | |||
| present facts | Simple Present | If he gets what he wants, … | Simple Present | …he is very nice. |
Conditional Sentences Type II (unlikely)
| Condition refers to: | IF Clause | Main Clause | ||
| present / future event | Simple Past | If I had a lot of money, … | Conditional I | …I would travel around the world. |
| consequence in the past | Simple Past | If I knew him, … | Conditional II | …I would have said hello. |
Conditional Sentences Type II (impossible)
| Condition refers to: | IF Clause | Main Clause | ||
| present | Past Perfect | If I had known it, … | Conditional I | …I would not be here now. |
| past | Past Perfect | If he had learned for the test, … | Conditional II | …he would not have failed it. |
PASSIVE VOICE
PASSIVE VOICE
Active sentence is the sentence that the subject of the sentence is an act of the perpetrator, while the passive sentence is the sentence that the subject is not the perpetrators of an act. The subject is the recipient of the result of an action.
Compare the following sentences: • Active: Susi typing this letter yesterday • Passive: This letter was typed by Susie yesterday
• Active: My cat kills a mouse • Passive: A rat was killed by my cat Note: Use passive voice if the perpetrator acts not so important.
Example: • The tower was built in 1955 If we need to mention who the perpetrators of an act, use the word by (by)
Example: • The tower has been built by local governments in 1955
The general formula to form a passive sentence • Active: S + Verb (Word Work) + Object + etc. • Passive: Object + to be + Verb 3 (Work Words Form III) (+ by the subject) + etc.
To be used 1. Present: is, am, are 2. Past: was, were the resource persons 3. Perfect: been (in front of have, has, or Had) 4. Future: be (after modals) 5. Continuous: being (in front of one of the 7 to be on top) Things that need to be known and remembered 1. To say a sentence in the passive voice, tenses do not change. Tenses must be the same if we say so in active form. What changed his only verb. 2. The verb has no object (intransitive verb) can not be converted into the passive voice, like, crying, boiling, rising, etc. Examples of active and passive sentences 1. Jack sings a song (active) 2. A song is sung by Jack (Passive) 1. Jack the a song yesterday (active) 2. A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive) 1. He has sung a song (active) 2. A song has been sung by Jack (passive) 1. Jack earnest sing a song (active) 2. A song sung by Jack's will from some (passive) 1. Jack is singing a song (active) 2. A song is being sung by Jack (passive) 1. Jack cans sing a song (active) 2. A song sung by Jack cans be (passive) Some Forms of Passive Sentences 1) Passive Sentence imperative
Formulas:
Let + object + be + Words Work Form III • Help the poor (active) • Let the poor be helped (passive) 2) Passive infinitive: It is / was time
Formulas:
It is / was time for + object + to be + verb III • It is time to send the letter (active) • It is time for the letter to be sent (passive) 3) Negative imperative Passive Sentence
Subject + be + verb + III notes to + infinitive
(Verb III is often used is: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested) • Dont wait for me (active) • You are advised not to wait for me (passive) 4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception
Formula Subject + be + adjectives + Pls + subject + be + verb III
(Verb used are: taste, smell, feel) • This Food Tastes delicious (active) • This food is delicious Pls it is tasted (passive) 5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by That-clause
The verb used is: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, Decide, Expect, find out, intend, plan, points out, presume, Prove, regret, reports, say, think, understand. • That the principal regretted We Had to resign from office (active) • It was regretted That the principal Had to resign from office (passive) 6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements • I Consider her very pretty (active) • Considered She is very pretty (passive) 7) Passive Sentence with two objects • He Gave me a book (active) • A book was given to me by uterus (passive 1) • I was given a book by uterus (passive 2) 8) Sentence Passive Verbs with gerund • The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active) • The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive) 9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence
In a passive sentence, if the perpetrator of a long expression, the subject should be placed at the end of the sentence after by. • We were the resource persons all Surprised by her sudden announcement to get married • I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one. 10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs
The verb used is: require, deserve, need • This wall needs to be painted (same) • This wall needs painting
Active sentence is the sentence that the subject of the sentence is an act of the perpetrator, while the passive sentence is the sentence that the subject is not the perpetrators of an act. The subject is the recipient of the result of an action.
Compare the following sentences: • Active: Susi typing this letter yesterday • Passive: This letter was typed by Susie yesterday
• Active: My cat kills a mouse • Passive: A rat was killed by my cat Note: Use passive voice if the perpetrator acts not so important.
Example: • The tower was built in 1955 If we need to mention who the perpetrators of an act, use the word by (by)
Example: • The tower has been built by local governments in 1955
The general formula to form a passive sentence • Active: S + Verb (Word Work) + Object + etc. • Passive: Object + to be + Verb 3 (Work Words Form III) (+ by the subject) + etc.
To be used 1. Present: is, am, are 2. Past: was, were the resource persons 3. Perfect: been (in front of have, has, or Had) 4. Future: be (after modals) 5. Continuous: being (in front of one of the 7 to be on top) Things that need to be known and remembered 1. To say a sentence in the passive voice, tenses do not change. Tenses must be the same if we say so in active form. What changed his only verb. 2. The verb has no object (intransitive verb) can not be converted into the passive voice, like, crying, boiling, rising, etc. Examples of active and passive sentences 1. Jack sings a song (active) 2. A song is sung by Jack (Passive) 1. Jack the a song yesterday (active) 2. A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive) 1. He has sung a song (active) 2. A song has been sung by Jack (passive) 1. Jack earnest sing a song (active) 2. A song sung by Jack's will from some (passive) 1. Jack is singing a song (active) 2. A song is being sung by Jack (passive) 1. Jack cans sing a song (active) 2. A song sung by Jack cans be (passive) Some Forms of Passive Sentences 1) Passive Sentence imperative
Formulas:
Let + object + be + Words Work Form III • Help the poor (active) • Let the poor be helped (passive) 2) Passive infinitive: It is / was time
Formulas:
It is / was time for + object + to be + verb III • It is time to send the letter (active) • It is time for the letter to be sent (passive) 3) Negative imperative Passive Sentence
Subject + be + verb + III notes to + infinitive
(Verb III is often used is: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested) • Dont wait for me (active) • You are advised not to wait for me (passive) 4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception
Formula Subject + be + adjectives + Pls + subject + be + verb III
(Verb used are: taste, smell, feel) • This Food Tastes delicious (active) • This food is delicious Pls it is tasted (passive) 5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by That-clause
The verb used is: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, Decide, Expect, find out, intend, plan, points out, presume, Prove, regret, reports, say, think, understand. • That the principal regretted We Had to resign from office (active) • It was regretted That the principal Had to resign from office (passive) 6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements • I Consider her very pretty (active) • Considered She is very pretty (passive) 7) Passive Sentence with two objects • He Gave me a book (active) • A book was given to me by uterus (passive 1) • I was given a book by uterus (passive 2) 8) Sentence Passive Verbs with gerund • The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active) • The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive) 9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence
In a passive sentence, if the perpetrator of a long expression, the subject should be placed at the end of the sentence after by. • We were the resource persons all Surprised by her sudden announcement to get married • I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one. 10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs
The verb used is: require, deserve, need • This wall needs to be painted (same) • This wall needs painting
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