1.PASSIVE VOICE
Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.
Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:
- Aktif : Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin
- Pasif : Surat ini diketik oleh Susi kemarin
- Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus
- Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku
Catatan:
Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.
Contoh:
- Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955
Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)
Contoh:
- Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955
Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif
- Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
- Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll
To be yang digunakan
- Present : is, am, are
- Past : was, were
- Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
- Future : be (setelah modals)
- Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)
Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat
- Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.
- Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.
Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif
- Jack sings a song (active)
- A song is sung by Jack (Passive)
- Jack sang a song yesterday (active)
- A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)
- Jack has sung a song (active)
- A song has been sung by Jack (passive)
- Jack will sing a song (active)
- A song will be sung by Jack (passive)
- Jack is singing a song (active)
- A song is being sung by Jack (passive)
- Jack can sing a song (active)
- A song can be sung by Jack (passive)
Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive
1) Passive Imperative Sentence
1) Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III
Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III
- Help the poor (active)
- Let the poor be helped (passive)
2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time
Rumus:
It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III
It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III
- It is time to send the letter (active)
- It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)
3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive
Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive
(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)
- Don�t wait for me (active)
- You are advised not to wait for me (passive)
4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception
Rumus
Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III
Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III
(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)
- This food tastes delicious (active)
- This food is delicious when it is tasted (passive)
5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by �that-clause�
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.
- We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)
- It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)
6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements
- I consider her very pretty (active)
- She is considered very pretty (passive)
7) Passive Sentence with two objects
- He gave me a book (active)
- A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
- I was given a book by him (passive 2)
8) Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs
- The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
- The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)
9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence
Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.
- We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
- I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.
10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need
- This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
- This wall needs painting
2. Conditional Sentences (if-clause)
Conditional Sentence Type 1
→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
Conditional Sentence Type 2
→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
Conditional Sentence Type 3
→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
Conditional Sentences Type I (likely)
Condition refers to: | IF Clause | Main Clause | ||
future action | Simple Present | If the book is interesting, … | Future I | …I will buy it. |
Imperative | …buy it. | |||
Modal Auxiliary | …you can buy it. | |||
action going on now | Present Progressive | If he is snoring, … | Future I | …I will wake him up. |
Imperative | …wake him up. | |||
Modal Auxiliary | …you can wake him up. | |||
finished action | Present Perfect | If he has moved into his new flat, … | Future I | …we will visit him. |
Imperative | …visit him. | |||
Modal Auxiliary | …we can visit him. | |||
improbable action | should + Infinitive | If she should win this race, … | Future I | …I will congratulate her. |
Imperative | …congratulate her. | |||
Modal Auxiliary | …we can congratulate her. | |||
present facts | Simple Present | If he gets what he wants, … | Simple Present | …he is very nice. |
Conditional Sentences Type II (unlikely)
Condition refers to: | IF Clause | Main Clause | ||
present / future event | Simple Past | If I had a lot of money, … | Conditional I | …I would travel around the world. |
consequence in the past | Simple Past | If I knew him, … | Conditional II | …I would have said hello. |
Conditional Sentences Type II (impossible)
Condition refers to: | IF Clause | Main Clause | ||
present | Past Perfect | If I had known it, … | Conditional I | …I would not be here now. |
past | Past Perfect | If he had learned for the test, … | Conditional II | …he would not have failed it. |
3.ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Adjective Clause also called a relative clause is Clause (clause) used / function as an adjective a noun or pronoun to explain the situation. For more details, explanation of the Adjective Clause, see explanation below:
Example:
* I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.
Main Clause: I have read the book.
Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.
Noun clause describes the book, called Adjective Clause
* The lesson (that) she is learning is very Difficult.
Main Clause: The lesson is very Difficult. Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.
Based on the antecedent which is appointed by the Introductory words (the words of his predecessor), Adjective Clause can be classified into 2 types, namely:
1. Relative pronoun
* Those Pronouns
Liaison word used is: Who, Whom, Whose, That
Function:
a. Subject:
- He paid the money to The Man Who / That Had done the work
b. Object Working Words:
- He paid the man whom / That Had he hired.
c. Object Search Home:
- He paid the man from whom he borrowed the money Had.
d. Replace the word belongs:
- This is the girl whose picture you saw.
* Objects, Animals
Liaison word used is: Which, that
Function:
a. Subject:
- Here is a book of the which / That describes animals.
b. Object Working Words:
- The chair of the which / That he broke is being repaired.
c. Object Search Home:
- She was wearing the coat for the which Had she paid $ 2.00.
2. Relative adverbs
* Time
Liaison word used: Pls
- This is the year Pls the Olympic Games are held.
* Place
Liaison word used: Nowhere
- Here is the house WHERE I live.
* Reason
Liaison word used: Pls
- Give me one good reason why you did that.
_________________________
1. Relative pronoun
Namely Adjective Clause by using the word liaison Relative pronoun.
* The boy is Called Bob. He Gave me a present. o The boy WHO Gave me a present is Called Bob. or o The Boy Who is Called Bob Gave me a present.
Some other examples of Adjective Clause:
* The boy whose radio was Stolen is a student. * The girl whom I Gave a special reward is a bright student. * The bike I borrowed the which was sold last week.
2. Relative adverb
The lesson of this is discussed more fully in the Relative Clause. The things that need to be added here, namely:
* The word Revelation (which shows the reason) who becomes an adverb liaison, may (sometimes) can be replaced with or That can sometimes be omitted in the sentence.
- The reason (that) I Came Should Be obvious to you. - The reason (why) I Came Should Be obvious to you. - The reason I Came Should Be obvious to you.
* When or Where can Bering Baling Preposition exchanged with a show where (a preposition of Place) plus Which.
- The small town in the which (= Nowhere) I was born has Grown to a large metropolis. - The day on the which (= Pls) They were the resource persons to leave finally arrived.
That can sometimes replace the WHERE or Pls.
* The Day That (or Pls, on the which) the trial was to take place was a Stormy one. * Please suggest a good place That (or Nowhere) We can meet
Some Important Things Related Adjective Clause
* Change from the Adjective Clause Adjective Phrase.
o Adjective Clause Adjective Phrase can be converted into a noun without any change to explain the meaning of the sentence. o Only Adjective Clause which have a subject pronoun: who, the which or That which can be converted into Adjective Phrase. o Adjective Clause with the subject: whom can not be converted into Adjective Phrase.
Consider the following example:
a. Adjective Clause
* The Girl Who is sitting next to me is Lisa. ==> The boy is playing the piano is Bent.
b. Adjective Phrase
* The girl sitting next to me is Lisa. ==> The boy playing the piano is Bent.
* How to change the Adjective Clause Adjective Phrase.
(1) Subject pronoun and the verb be eliminated.
* Adjective Clause: The Man Who is talking to Taylor is from Japan. * Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.
* Adjective Clause: The ideas the which are presented in That book are interesting. * Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in That book are interesting.
* Adjective Clause: Ali is the man Who is Responsible for Preparing the budget. * Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man Responsible for Preparing the budget.
* Adjective Clause: The Books That are on the shelf are mine. * Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.
(2) If there is no verb be in Adjective Clause, it is often the subject pronoun can be removed and change the verb in Clause-ing it into shape.
* Adjective Clause: That Home has an alphabet consists of 26 letters. * Adjective Phrase: Home has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
* Adjective Clause: Anyone WHO wants to come with us is welcome. * Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.
Adjective Clause * Often used in the pattern: noun + of which. This pattern is mainly used for writing English the official (formal written Home). In this pattern usually Adjective Clause explain "something."
* We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay. o We have an antique table, the top of the which has jade inlay. o We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay. o We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of the which consisted of logs cemented with lay.
* Adjective Clause is often used to express the quantity with of. Pronoun precedes the expression of quantity, and just whom, the which, and whose use in this pattern.
The expression quantity with "of" among other things: Some of, none of, both of, one of, many of, two of, all of, EACH of, most of, etc..
* There are 20 students in my class. Most of Them are from the Outside Java. -> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java.
* He Gave Reasons installments. Only A Few of Them were the resource is valid. -> He Gave Reasons installments, only A Few of the which were the resource is valid.
* Punctuation of Adjective Clauses
General guidelines on the Punctuation of Adjective Clauses:
o Do not use commas when Adjective Clause needed to identify the noun that is described by him. o Use a comma if Adjective Clause serves only to provide additional information and is not intended to identify the noun that is described by him. + Henry whose wife works at a bank Came to my house yesterday. + Alex, whose wife works at a bank, Came to my house yesterday.
Description:
The first example illustrates that Henry has more than 1 wife. In this sentence the speaker wants to identify his wife who worked at the Bank, not the other.
While in the second sentence, we are clear, if Alex had only 1 man and wife. Phrases that are in between commas only provide additional information only. Without that phrase any other person already knows that his wife Alex was working in a bank because it was her only one.
Consider the following example for more details on the use of commas in the Adjective Clause.
o Sukarno, Who is the first president of Republic of Indonesia, Could deliver speech well.
Differences between Adjective Clause and Noun Clause
Because of the similarities in a few words his predecessor, so sometimes between Noun Clause Adjective Clause and often confusing.
There are 2 kinds of important differences between these two types of Clause: consider the following example:
* Adjective Clause is usually preceded by a noun or pronoun that is explained.
Adjective Clause
o I know the house he lives Nowhere. (Nowhere has the antecedent he lives the house, which is the object of the word know)
Noun Clause
o WHERE I know he lives. (Nowhere he lives is the object of the word know)
Introductory word preceding the preposition belongs Adjective Noun Clause and Clause does not belong.
Adjective Clause
* The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.
(Adjective Clause starts with to which is the form of a prepositional phrase with whom Adjective Clause in it. And To to be placed in the back of the Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his).
Noun Clause
* He Gives money to whoever needs it.
(The Noun Clause begins with whoever, all the Noun Clause it is an object of to, which can not be moved is located. And also, ever-is the only form of holding (to follow) with a Noun Clause.
Example:
* I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.
Main Clause: I have read the book.
Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.
Noun clause describes the book, called Adjective Clause
* The lesson (that) she is learning is very Difficult.
Main Clause: The lesson is very Difficult. Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.
Based on the antecedent which is appointed by the Introductory words (the words of his predecessor), Adjective Clause can be classified into 2 types, namely:
1. Relative pronoun
* Those Pronouns
Liaison word used is: Who, Whom, Whose, That
Function:
a. Subject:
- He paid the money to The Man Who / That Had done the work
b. Object Working Words:
- He paid the man whom / That Had he hired.
c. Object Search Home:
- He paid the man from whom he borrowed the money Had.
d. Replace the word belongs:
- This is the girl whose picture you saw.
* Objects, Animals
Liaison word used is: Which, that
Function:
a. Subject:
- Here is a book of the which / That describes animals.
b. Object Working Words:
- The chair of the which / That he broke is being repaired.
c. Object Search Home:
- She was wearing the coat for the which Had she paid $ 2.00.
2. Relative adverbs
* Time
Liaison word used: Pls
- This is the year Pls the Olympic Games are held.
* Place
Liaison word used: Nowhere
- Here is the house WHERE I live.
* Reason
Liaison word used: Pls
- Give me one good reason why you did that.
_________________________
1. Relative pronoun
Namely Adjective Clause by using the word liaison Relative pronoun.
* The boy is Called Bob. He Gave me a present. o The boy WHO Gave me a present is Called Bob. or o The Boy Who is Called Bob Gave me a present.
Some other examples of Adjective Clause:
* The boy whose radio was Stolen is a student. * The girl whom I Gave a special reward is a bright student. * The bike I borrowed the which was sold last week.
2. Relative adverb
The lesson of this is discussed more fully in the Relative Clause. The things that need to be added here, namely:
* The word Revelation (which shows the reason) who becomes an adverb liaison, may (sometimes) can be replaced with or That can sometimes be omitted in the sentence.
- The reason (that) I Came Should Be obvious to you. - The reason (why) I Came Should Be obvious to you. - The reason I Came Should Be obvious to you.
* When or Where can Bering Baling Preposition exchanged with a show where (a preposition of Place) plus Which.
- The small town in the which (= Nowhere) I was born has Grown to a large metropolis. - The day on the which (= Pls) They were the resource persons to leave finally arrived.
That can sometimes replace the WHERE or Pls.
* The Day That (or Pls, on the which) the trial was to take place was a Stormy one. * Please suggest a good place That (or Nowhere) We can meet
Some Important Things Related Adjective Clause
* Change from the Adjective Clause Adjective Phrase.
o Adjective Clause Adjective Phrase can be converted into a noun without any change to explain the meaning of the sentence. o Only Adjective Clause which have a subject pronoun: who, the which or That which can be converted into Adjective Phrase. o Adjective Clause with the subject: whom can not be converted into Adjective Phrase.
Consider the following example:
a. Adjective Clause
* The Girl Who is sitting next to me is Lisa. ==> The boy is playing the piano is Bent.
b. Adjective Phrase
* The girl sitting next to me is Lisa. ==> The boy playing the piano is Bent.
* How to change the Adjective Clause Adjective Phrase.
(1) Subject pronoun and the verb be eliminated.
* Adjective Clause: The Man Who is talking to Taylor is from Japan. * Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.
* Adjective Clause: The ideas the which are presented in That book are interesting. * Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in That book are interesting.
* Adjective Clause: Ali is the man Who is Responsible for Preparing the budget. * Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man Responsible for Preparing the budget.
* Adjective Clause: The Books That are on the shelf are mine. * Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.
(2) If there is no verb be in Adjective Clause, it is often the subject pronoun can be removed and change the verb in Clause-ing it into shape.
* Adjective Clause: That Home has an alphabet consists of 26 letters. * Adjective Phrase: Home has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
* Adjective Clause: Anyone WHO wants to come with us is welcome. * Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.
Adjective Clause * Often used in the pattern: noun + of which. This pattern is mainly used for writing English the official (formal written Home). In this pattern usually Adjective Clause explain "something."
* We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay. o We have an antique table, the top of the which has jade inlay. o We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay. o We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of the which consisted of logs cemented with lay.
* Adjective Clause is often used to express the quantity with of. Pronoun precedes the expression of quantity, and just whom, the which, and whose use in this pattern.
The expression quantity with "of" among other things: Some of, none of, both of, one of, many of, two of, all of, EACH of, most of, etc..
* There are 20 students in my class. Most of Them are from the Outside Java. -> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java.
* He Gave Reasons installments. Only A Few of Them were the resource is valid. -> He Gave Reasons installments, only A Few of the which were the resource is valid.
* Punctuation of Adjective Clauses
General guidelines on the Punctuation of Adjective Clauses:
o Do not use commas when Adjective Clause needed to identify the noun that is described by him. o Use a comma if Adjective Clause serves only to provide additional information and is not intended to identify the noun that is described by him. + Henry whose wife works at a bank Came to my house yesterday. + Alex, whose wife works at a bank, Came to my house yesterday.
Description:
The first example illustrates that Henry has more than 1 wife. In this sentence the speaker wants to identify his wife who worked at the Bank, not the other.
While in the second sentence, we are clear, if Alex had only 1 man and wife. Phrases that are in between commas only provide additional information only. Without that phrase any other person already knows that his wife Alex was working in a bank because it was her only one.
Consider the following example for more details on the use of commas in the Adjective Clause.
o Sukarno, Who is the first president of Republic of Indonesia, Could deliver speech well.
Differences between Adjective Clause and Noun Clause
Because of the similarities in a few words his predecessor, so sometimes between Noun Clause Adjective Clause and often confusing.
There are 2 kinds of important differences between these two types of Clause: consider the following example:
* Adjective Clause is usually preceded by a noun or pronoun that is explained.
Adjective Clause
o I know the house he lives Nowhere. (Nowhere has the antecedent he lives the house, which is the object of the word know)
Noun Clause
o WHERE I know he lives. (Nowhere he lives is the object of the word know)
Introductory word preceding the preposition belongs Adjective Noun Clause and Clause does not belong.
Adjective Clause
* The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.
(Adjective Clause starts with to which is the form of a prepositional phrase with whom Adjective Clause in it. And To to be placed in the back of the Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his).
Noun Clause
* He Gives money to whoever needs it.
(The Noun Clause begins with whoever, all the Noun Clause it is an object of to, which can not be moved is located. And also, ever-is the only form of holding (to follow) with a Noun Clause.
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